Friday 29 November 2019

Father Of Some Important Subjects



FATHER OF ALL SUBJECTS



HISTORY-------------------------------------------HERODOTUS

ECONOMICS--------------------------------------ADAM SMITH

CIVICS----------------------------------------------BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

GEOGRAPHY-------------------------------------ERATOSTHENES

BIOLOGY-------------------------------------------ARISTOTLE

MODERN CHEMISTRY--------------------------ANTONIE LAVOISIER

PHYSICS--------------------------------------------ALBERT EINSTEIN

ZOOLOGY------------------------------------------ARISTOTLE

COMPUTER---------------------------------------CHARLES BABBAGE

BOTANY-------------------------------------------THEOPHRASTUS

HINDI LITERATURE---------------------------BHARATENDU HARISCHANDRA

ENGLISH------------------------------------------GEOFFERY CHAUCHER

SANSKRIT-----------------------------------------PANINI

MATH----------------------------------------------ARCHIMEDES

GEOMETRY---------------------------------------EUCLID

MENSURATION----------------------------------LEONARD DIGGES

ALGEBRA------------------------------------------MUHAMMAD IZM MUSSAL KHWARIZMI

STATISTICS----------------------------------------SIR RONALD FISHER

PROBABILITY-------------------------------------GIROLAMO CARDANO

TRIGONOMETRY--------------------------------HIPPORCHUS

ENGLISH GRAMMAR---------------------------LINDLEY MURRA

INTERNET-----------------------------------------ROBERT ILIOT KAN, WINTON SURF


Friday 30 August 2019

Easy notes on MS-EXCEL 2007 in English (Important Function of Ms-Excel)


Introduction to Microsoft Excel 

By-- SATISH KUMAR BARANWAL

What is Microsoft Excel?
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program that is used to record and analyse numerical data. Think of a spreadsheet as a collection of columns and rows that form a table. Alphabetical letters are usually assigned to columns and numbers are usually assigned to rows. The point where a column and a row meet is called a cell. The address of a cell is given by the letter representing the column and the number representing a row.

How to Open Microsoft Excel?

Running Excel is not different from running any other Windows program. If you are running Windows with a GUI like (Windows XP, Vista, and 7) follow the following steps.
  • Click on start menu
  • Point to all programs
  • Point to Microsoft Excel
  • Click on Microsoft Excel
Alternatively, you can also open it from the start menu if it has been added there. You can also open it from the desktop shortcut if you have created one.
For this tutorial, we will be working with Windows 8.1 and Microsoft Excel 2013. Follow the following steps to run Excel on Windows 8.1
  • Click on start menu
  • Search for Excel even before you even typing, all programs starting with what you have typed will be listed.
  • Click on Microsoft Excel\


Understanding the worksheet (Rows and Columns, Sheets, Workbooks)




Three most important components of Excel is which you need to understand first:

#1. Workbook

A workbook is a separate file just like every other application has. Each workbook contains one or more worksheets. You can also say that a workbook is a collection of multiple worksheets or can be a single worksheet. You can add or delete worksheets, hide them within the workbook without deleting them, and change the order of your worksheets within the workbook.

#2. Worksheet

A worksheet is made up of individual cells which can contain a value, a formula, or text. It also has an invisible draw layer, which holds charts, images, and diagrams. Each worksheet in a workbook is accessible by clicking the tab at the bottom of the workbook window. In addition, a workbook can store chart sheets; a chart sheet displays a single chart and is accessible by clicking a tab.

#3. Cell

A cell is a smallest but most powerful part of a spreadsheet. You can enter your data into a cell either by typing or by copy-paste. Data can be a text, a number, or a date. You can also customize it by changing its size, font color, background color, borders, etc. Every cell is identified by its cell address, cell address contains its column number and row number (If a cell is on 11th row and on column AB, then its address will be AB11).

Window Components

 
Before you start using it, it’s really important to understand that what’s where in its window.

#1. Active Cell

A cell which is currently selected. It will be highlighted by a rectangular box and its address will be shown in the address bar.
You can activate a cell by clicking on it or by using your arrow buttons. To edit a cell, you double-click on it or use F2 to as well.

#2. Column

A column is a vertical set of cells. A single worksheet contains 16384 total columns.
Every column has its own alphabet for identity, from A to XFD. You can select a column clicking on its header.

#3. Row

A row is a horizontal set of cells. A single worksheet contains 1048576 total rows. Every row has its own number for identity, starting from 1 to 1048576.
You can select a row clicking on the row number marked on the left side of the window.

#4. Fill Handle

It’s a small dot present on the lower right corner of the active cell. It helps you to fill numeric values, text series, insert ranges, insert serial numbers, etc.

#5. Address Bar

The address bar is the small input bar at the left side of the window.
It shows the address of the active cell. If you have selected more than one cell, then it will show the address of the first cell in the range.

#6. Formula Bar

Formula bar is an input bar, below the ribbon. It shows the content of the active cell and you can also use it enter a formula in a cell.

#7. Title Bar

The title bar will show the name of your workbook, followed by the application name (“Microsoft Excel”).

#8. File Menu

The file menu is a simple menu as like all other applications. It contains options like (Save, Save As, Open, New, Print, Excel Options, Share, etc).

#9. Quick Access Toolbar

A toolbar to quickly access the options which you frequently use. You can add your favorite options by adding new options to quick access toolbar.

#10. Ribbon Tab

Starting from the Microsoft Excel 2007, all the options menus are replaced with the ribbons. Ribbon tabs are the bunch of specific option group which further contains option.

#11. Worksheet Tab

This tab shows the all the worksheets which are present in the workbook. By default you will see, three worksheets in your new workbook with a name of Sheet1, Sheet2, Sheet3 respectively.

#12. Status Bar

It is a thin bar at the bottom of the Excel window. It will give you an instant help once you start your working in Excel.

The basics of Excel formulas

Before providing the basic Excel formulas list, let's define the key terms just to make sure we are on the same page. So, what do we call an Excel formula and Excel function?
Formula is an expression that calculates the value of a cell.
For example, =A2+A2+A3+A4 is a formula that adds up the values in cells A2 to A4.
Function is a predefined formula already available in Excel. Functions perform specific calculations in a particular order based on the specified values, called arguments, or parameters.
For example, instead of specifying each value to be summed like in the above formula, you can use the SUM function to add up a range of cells: =SUM(A2:A4)

Excel DATE Function


The Excel DATE function creates a valid date from individual year, month, and day components. The DATE function is useful for assembling dates that need to change dynamically based on other values in a worksheet.
Purpose 
Create a date with year, month, and day
Return value 
A valid Excel date
Syntax 
=DATE (year, month, day)
Arguments 
·        year - Number for year.
·        month - Number for month.
·        day - Number for day.

Excel YEAR Function

The Excel YEAR function returns the year component of a date as a 4-digit number. You can use the YEAR function to extract a year number from a date into a cell or to extract and feed a year value into another formula, like the DATE function.
Purpose 
Get the year from a date
Return value 
Year as 4-digit number
Syntax 
=YEAR (date)
Arguments 
·        date - A valid Excel date.

Excel MONTH Function

The Excel MONTH function extracts the month from a given date as number between 1 to 12. You can use the MONTH function to extract a month number from a date into a cell, or to feed a month number into another function like the DATE function.
Purpose 
Get month as a number (1-12) from a date
Return value 
A number between 1 and 12.
Syntax 
=MONTH (date)
Arguments 
·        date - A valid Excel date.

Excel DAY Function

The Excel DAY function returns the day of the month as a number between 1 to 31 from a given date. You can use the DAY function to extract a day number from a date into a cell. You can also use the DAY function to extract and feed a day value into another function, like the DATE function.
Purpose 
Get the day as a number (1-31) from a date
Return value 
A number (1-31) representing the day component in a date.
Syntax 
=DAY (date)
Arguments 
·        date - A valid Excel date.

 

Excel TODAY Function

The Excel TODAY function returns the current date, updated continuously when a worksheet is changed or opened. The TODAY function takes no arguments. You can format the value returned by TODAY using any standard date format. If you need current date and time, use the NOW function.
Purpose 
Get the current date
Return value 
Valid Excel date
Syntax 
=TODAY ()

Excel NOW Function

The Excel NOW function returns the current date and time, updated continuously when a worksheet is changed or opened. The NOW function takes no arguments. You can format the value returned by NOW as a date, or as a date with time by applying a number format.
Purpose 
Get the current date and time
Return value 
A serial number representing a particular date and time in Excel.
Syntax 
=NOW ()

Excel TIME Function

The Excel TIME function is a built-in function that allows you to create a time with individual hour, minute, and second components. The TIME function is useful when you want to assemble a proper time inside another formula.
Purpose 
Create a time with hours, minutes, and seconds
Return value 
A decimal number representing a particular time in Excel.
Syntax 
=TIME (hour, minute, second)
Arguments 
·        hour - The hour for the time you wish to create.
·        minute - The minute for the time you wish to create.
·        second - The second for the time you wish to create.

 

Excel COUNTIF Function

COUNTIF is a function to count cells that meet a single criteria. COUNTIF can be used to count cells with dates, numbers, and text that match specific criteria. The COUNTIF function supports logical operators (>,<,<>,=) and wildcards (*,?) for partial matching.
Purpose 
Count cells that match criteria
Return value 
A number representing cells counted.
Syntax 
=COUNTIF (range, criteria)
Arguments 
·        range - The range of cells to count.
·        criteria - The criteria that controls which cells should be counted.

 

Excel COUNTBLANK Function

The Excel COUNTBLANK function returns a count of empty cells in a range. Cells that contain text, numbers, errors, etc. are not counted. Formulas that return empty text are counted.
Purpose 
Count cells that are blank
Return value 
A number representing blank cells
Syntax 
=COUNTBLANK (range)
Arguments 
·        range - The range in which to count blank cells.

Excel COUNTA Function

The Excel COUNTA function returns the count of cells that contain numbers, text, logical values, error values, and empty text (""). COUNTA does not count empty cells.
Purpose 
Count the number of non-blank cells
Return value 
A number representing non-blank cells.
Syntax 
=COUNTA (value1, [value2], ...)
Arguments 
·        value1 - An item, cell reference, or range.
·        value2 - [optional] An item, cell reference, or range.

 

Excel COUNT Function

The Excel COUNT function returns the count of values that are numbers, generally cells that contain numbers. Values can be supplied as constants, cell references, or ranges.
Purpose 
Count numbers
Return value 
A number representing a count of numbers.
Syntax 
=COUNT (value1, [value2], ...)
Arguments 
·        value1 - An item, cell reference, or range.
·        value2 - [optional] An item, cell reference, or range.

 

Excel MAX Function

The Excel MAX function returns the largest numeric value in a range of values. The MAX function ignores empty cells, the logical values TRUE and FALSE, and text values.
Purpose 
Get the largest value
Return value 
The largest value in the array.
Syntax 
=MAX (number1, [number2], ...)
Arguments 
·        number1 - Number, reference to numeric value, or range that contains numeric values.
·        number2 - [optional] Number, reference to numeric value, or range that contains numeric values.

 

Excel MIN Function

The Excel MIN function returns the smallest numeric value in a range of values. The MIN function ignores empty cells, the logical values TRUE and FALSE, and text values.
Purpose 
Get the smallest value.
Return value 
The smallest value in the array.
Syntax 
=MIN (number1, [number2], ...)
Arguments 
·        number1 - Number, reference to numeric value, or range that contains numeric values.
·        number2 - [optional] Number, reference to numeric value, or range that contains numeric values.

 

Excel EXACT Function

The Excel EXACT function compares two text strings, taking into account upper and lower case characters, and returns TRUE if they are the same, and FALSE if not. EXACT is case-sensitive.
Purpose 
Compare two text strings
Return value 
A boolean value (TRUE or FALSE)
Syntax 
=EXACT (text1, text2)
Arguments 
·        text1 - The first text string to compare.
·        text2 - The second text string to compare.


Excel LEN Function

The Excel LEN function returns the length of a given text string as the number of characters. LEN will also count characters in numbers, but number formatting is not included.
Purpose 
Get the length of text.
Return value 
Number of characters
Syntax 
=LEN (text)
Arguments 
·        text - The text for which to calculate length.

Excel FIND Function

The Excel FIND function returns the position (as a number) of one text string inside another. When the text is not found, FIND returns a #VALUE error.
Purpose 
Get the location of text in a string
Return value 
A number representing the location of find_text.
Syntax 
=FIND (find_text, within_text, [start_num])
Arguments 
·        find_text - The text to find.
·        within_text - The text to search within.
·        start_num - [optional] The starting position in the text to search. Optional, defaults to 1.

 

Excel LEFT Function

The Excel LEFT function extracts a given number of characters from the left side of a supplied text string. For example, LEFT("apple",3) returns "app".
Purpose 
Extract text from the left of a string
Return value 
One or more characters.
Syntax 
=LEFT (text, [num_chars])
Arguments 
·        text - The text from which to extract characters.
·        num_chars - [optional] The number of characters to extract, starting on the left side of text. Default = 1.

Excel RIGHT Function

The Excel RIGHT function extracts a given number of characters from the right side of a supplied text string. For example, RIGHT("apple",3) returns "ple".
Purpose 
Extract text from the right of a string
Return value 
One or more characters.
Syntax 
=RIGHT (text, [num_chars])
Arguments 
·        text - The text from which to extract characters on the right.
·        num_chars - [optional] The number of characters to extract, starting on the right. Optional, default = 1.

Excel TRIM Function

The Excel TRIM function strips extra spaces from text, leaving only a single space between words and no space characters at the start or end of the text.
Purpose 
Remove extra spaces from text
Return value 
Text with extra spaces removed.
Syntax 
=TRIM (text)
Arguments 
·        text - The text from which to remove extra space.

Excel MID Function

The Excel MID function extracts a given number of characters from the middle of a supplied text string. For example, =MID("apple",2,3) returns "ppl".
Purpose 
Extract text from inside a string
Return value 
The characters extracted.
Syntax 
=MID (text, start_num, num_chars)
Arguments 
·        text - The text to extract from.
·        start_num - The location of the first character to extract.
·        num_chars - The number of characters to extract.

 

Excel CONCAT Function

The Excel CONCAT function concatenates (joins) values supplied as references or constants. Unlike the CONCATENATE function (which CONCAT replaces), CONCAT allows you to supply a range of cells to join, in addition to individual cell references.
Purpose 
Join text values without delimiter
Return value 
Result of concatenated text
Syntax 
=CONCAT (text1, [text2], ...)
Arguments 
·        text1 - First text value, cell reference, or range.
·        text2 - [optional] Second text value, cell reference, or range.

 

Excel TEXT Function

The Excel TEXT function returns a number in a specified number format, as text. You can use the TEXT function to embed formatted numbers inside text.
Purpose 
Convert a number to text in a number format
Return value 
A number as text in the given format.
Syntax 
=TEXT (value, format_text)
Arguments 
·        value - The number to convert.
·        format_text - The number format to use.

 

Excel CODE Function

The Excel CODE function returns a numeric code for a given character.  For example, CODE("a") returns the code 97. The CODE function can be used to figure out numeric codes supplied to the CHAR function.
Purpose 
Get the code for a character
Return value 
A numeric code representing a character.
Syntax 
=CODE (text)
Arguments 
·        text - The text for which you want a numeric code.

 

Excel CHAR Function

The Excel CHAR function returns a character when given a valid character code. CHAR can be used to specify characters that are hard to enter in a formula. For example, CHAR(10) returns a line break on Windows, and CHAR(13) returns a line break on the Mac.
Purpose 
Get a character from a number
Return value 
A single character specified by a number.
Syntax 
=CHAR (number)
Arguments 
·        number - A number between 1 and 255.

 

Excel REPT Function

The Excel REPT function repeats characters a given number of times. For example, =REPT("x",5) returns "xxxxx".
Purpose 
Repeat text as specified
Return value 
The repeated text.
Syntax 
=REPT (text, number_times)
Arguments 
·        text - The text to repeat.
·        number_times - The number of times to repeat text.

 

Excel REPLACE Function

The Excel REPLACE function replaces characters specified by location in a given text string with another text string. For example =REPLACE("XYZ123",4,3,"456") returns "XYZ456".
Purpose 
Replace text based on location
Return value 
The altered text.
Syntax 
=REPLACE (old_text, start_num, num_chars, new_text)
Arguments 
·        old_text - The text to replace.
·        start_num - The starting location in the text to search.
·        num_chars - The number of characters to replace.
·        new_text - The text to replace old_text with.

 

Excel LOWER Function

The Excel LOWER function returns a lower-case version of a given text string. Numbers and punctuation are not affected.
Purpose 
Convert text to lower case
Return value 
Text in lower case.
Syntax 
=LOWER (text)
Arguments 
·        text - The text that should be converted to lower case.

 

Excel RANDBETWEEN Function

The Excel RANDBETWEEN function returns a random integer between given numbers. RANDBETWEEN recalculates when a worksheet is opened or changed.
Purpose 
Get a random integer between two values
Return value 
An integer
Syntax 
=RANDBETWEEN (bottom, top)
Arguments 
·        bottom - An integer representing the lower value of the range.
·        top - An integer representing the lower value of the range.

 

Excel TRANSPOSE Function

The Excel TRANSPOSE function "flips" the orientation of a given range or array. TRANSPOSE converts a vertical range to a horizontal range, or a horizontal range to a vertical range. You must enter the TRANSPOSE function as an array formula.
Purpose 
Flip the orientation of a range of cells
Return value 
An array in a new orientation.
Syntax 
=TRANSPOSE (array)
Arguments 
·        array - The array or range of cells to transpose.

 

Excel TRUNC Function

The Excel TRUNC function returns a truncated number based on an (optional) number of digits. For example, TRUNC(4.9) will return 4, and TRUNC(-3.5) will return -3. The TRUNC function does no rounding, it simply truncates as specified.
Purpose 
Truncate a number to a given precision
Return value 
A truncated number
Syntax 
=TRUNC (number, [num_digits])
Arguments 
·        number - The number to truncate.
·        num_digits - [optional] The precision of the truncation (default is 0).

 

Excel ABS Function

The Excel ABS function returns the absolute value of a number. Negative numbers are converted to positive numbers, and positive numbers are unaffected.
Purpose 
Find the absolute value of a number
Return value 
A positive number.
Syntax 
=ABS (number)
Arguments 
·        number - The number to get the absolute value of.

 

Excel GCD Function

The Excel GCD function returns the greatest common divisor of two or more integers. The greatest common divisor is the largest integer that goes into all supplied numbers without a remainder. For example, =GCD(60,36) returns 12.
Purpose 
Get the greatest common divisor of two or more numbers
Return value 
A number representing the largest positive integer that divides the numbers without a remainder
Syntax 
=GCD (number1, [number2], ...)
Arguments 
·        number1 - The first number.
·        number2 - [optional] The second number.

 

Excel SQRT Function

The Excel SQRT function returns the square root of a positive number. SQRT returns an error if number is negative.
Purpose 
Find the positive square root of a number
Return value 
Positive square root
Syntax 
=SQRT (number)
Arguments 
·        number - The number to get the square root of.

 

Excel POWER Function

The Excel POWER function returns a number to a given power. The POWER function works like an exponent in a standard math equation.
Purpose 
Raise a number to a power
Return value 
Number raised to power
Syntax 
=POWER (number, power)
Arguments 
·        number - Number to raise to a power.
·        power - Exponent to raise power to.

 

Excel INT Function

The Excel INT function returns the integer part of a decimal number by rounding down to the integer. Note the INT function rounds down, so negative numbers become more negative. For example, while INT(10.8) returns 10, INT(-10.8) returns -11.
Purpose 
Get the integer part of a decimal by rounding down
Return value 
The integer part of the number after rounding down
Syntax 
=INT (number)
Arguments 
·        number - The number from which you want an integer.

 

Excel ROUND Function

The Excel ROUND function returns a number rounded to a given number of digits. The ROUND function can round to the right or left of the decimal point.
Purpose 
Round a number to a given number of digits
Return value 
A rounded number.
Syntax 
=ROUND (number, num_digits)
Arguments 
·        number - The number to round.
·        num_digits - The number of digits to which number should be rounded.

 

Excel LOG10 Function

The Excel LOG10 function returns the base 10 logarithm of a number. For example, LOG10(100) returns 2, and LOG10(1000) returns 3.
Purpose 
Get the base-10 logarithm of a number
Return value 
The logarithm
Syntax 
=LOG10 (number)
Arguments 
·        number - Number for which you want the logarithm.

 

Excel MOD Function

The Excel MOD function returns the remainder of two numbers after division.  For example, MOD(10,3) = 1. The result of MOD carries the same sign as the divisor.

Purpose 
Get the remainder from division
Return value 
The remainder
Syntax 
=MOD (number, divisor)
Arguments 
·        number - The number to be divided.
·        divisor - The number to divide with.

Excel SUM Function

The Excel SUM function returns the sum of values supplied. These values can be numbers, cell references, ranges, arrays, and constants, in any combination. SUM can handle up to 255 individual arguments.
Purpose 
Add numbers together
Return value 
The sum of values supplied.
Syntax 
=SUM (number1, [number2], [number3], ...)
Arguments 
·        number1 - The first value to sum.
·        number2 - [optional] The second value to sum.
·        number3 - [optional] The third value to sum.

 

Excel SUMIF Function

The Excel SUMIF function returns the sum of cells that supplied criteria. Criteria can be applied to dates, numbers, and text using logical operators (>,<,<>,=) and wildcards (*,?) for partial matching.
Purpose 
Sum numbers in a range that meet supplied criteria
Return value 
The sum of values supplied.
Syntax 
=SUMIF (range, criteria, [sum_range])
Arguments 
·        range - The range of cells that you want to apply the criteria against.
·        criteria - The criteria used to determine which cells to add.
·        sum_range - [optional] The cells to add together. If sum_range is omitted, the cells in range are added together instead.

Excel AVERAGE Function

The Excel AVERAGE function returns the average of values supplied as multiple arguments. AVERAGE can handle up to 255 individual arguments, which can include numbers, cell references, ranges, arrays, and constants.
Purpose 
Get the average of a group of numbers
Return value 
A number representing the average.
Syntax 
=AVERAGE (number1, [number2], ...)
Arguments 
·        number1 - A number or cell reference that refers to numeric values.
·        number2 - [optional] A number or cell reference that refers to numeric values.

Excel IF Function

The IF function can perform a logical test and return one value for a TRUE result, and another for a FALSE result. For example, to "pass" scores above 70: =IF(A1>70,"Pass","Fail"). More than one condition can be tested by nesting IF functions. The IF function can be combined with logical functions like AND and OR.
Purpose 
Test for a specific condition
Return value 
The values you supply for TRUE or FALSE
Syntax 
=IF (logical_test, [value_if_true], [value_if_false])
Arguments 
·        logical_test - A value or logical expression that can be evaluated as TRUE or FALSE.
·        value_if_true - [optional] The value to return when logical_test evaluates to TRUE.
·        value_if_false - [optional] The value to return when logical_test evaluates to FALSE.

Excel AND Function

The Excel AND function is a logical function used to require more than one condition at the same time. AND returns either TRUE or FALSE. To test if a number in A1 is greater than zero and less than 10, use =AND(A1>0,A1<10). The AND function can be used as the logical test inside the IF function to avoid extra nested IFs, and can be combined with the OR function.
Purpose 
Test multiple conditions with AND
Return value 
TRUE if all arguments evaluate TRUE; FALSE if not
Syntax 
=AND (logical1, [logical2], ...)
Arguments 
·        logical1 - The first condition or logical value to evaluate.
·        logical2 - [optional] The second condition or logical value to evaluate.

Excel OR Function

The OR function is a logical function to test multiple conditions at the same time. OR returns either TRUE or FALSE. For example, to test A1 for either "x" or "y", use =OR(A1="x",A1="y"). The OR function can be used as the logical test inside the IF function to avoid extra nested IFs, and can be combined with the AND function.
Purpose 
Test multiple conditions with OR
Return value 
TRUE if any arguments evaluate TRUE; FALSE if not.
Syntax 
=OR (logical1, [logical2], ...)
Arguments 
·        logical1 - The first condition or logical value to evaluate.
·        logical2 - [optional] The second condition or logical value to evaluate.

Excel NOT Function

The Excel NOT function returns the opposite of a given logical or boolean value. When given TRUE, NOT returns FALSE.When given FALSE, NOT returns TRUE. Use the NOT function to reverse a logical value.
Purpose 
Reverse arguments or results
Return value 
A reversed logical value
Syntax 
=NOT (logical)
Arguments 
·        logical - A value or logical expression that can be evaluated as TRUE or FALSE.




Father Of Some Important Subjects

FATHER OF ALL SUBJECTS HISTORY-------------------------------------------HERODOTUS ECONOMICS-------------------------------...